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Muragācha, nestled in the Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 22.6960° N, 88.4200° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial landscape formed by the Hooghly River and its tributaries. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice paddies and jute cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered groves of mango and palm trees. This close proximity to intensive agricultural zones contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods when biomass burning is common. Muragācha’s elevation is relatively low, hovering around 20 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate air stagnation, especially during periods of calm weather. The city sits within a transitional zone between the densely populated urban centers of Kolkata and the more rural districts of West Bengal, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the influence of the Hooghly River’s drainage basin is undeniable, impacting local humidity and weather patterns. The absence of significant industrial belts directly within Muragācha is a mitigating factor, however, the region’s broader industrial activity, including brick kilns and small-scale manufacturing in nearby towns, can contribute to regional air pollution episodes. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often lead to the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during cooler months.

Muragācha’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants as frequent rainfall and strong winds effectively flush the atmosphere. Humidity levels are high, and while particulate matter may be temporarily reduced, the increased moisture can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are often the most challenging, characterized by rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, and the prevalence of temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to a build-up of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice during this period to clear fields for the next planting season, significantly contributes to the problem. The winter months (November-February) are generally cooler, with frequent fog, which further restricts atmospheric mixing and traps pollutants. While temperatures are lower, the stagnant air and reduced sunlight can worsen air quality. Outdoor activities are best avoided during the early morning hours in winter due to dense fog and elevated pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should take extra precautions during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and using air purifiers when possible. The post-monsoon period (October) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as rainfall decreases and wind speeds increase, but lingering agricultural practices can still impact the atmosphere.