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Nagar, a small town in the Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India, occupies a relatively flat alluvial plain at approximately 24.0917°N latitude and 87.9881°E longitude. Its elevation is low, typical of the Ganges Delta, making it susceptible to humidity and stagnant air conditions. The town is situated near the Bhagirathi River, a major distributary of the Ganges, which influences local climate and provides a vital water source but also contributes to localized humidity and potential for waterborne pollutants. Surrounding Nagar is a predominantly agricultural landscape, characterized by rice paddies and jute cultivation, common to this region of West Bengal. While not a major industrial hub itself, Nagar’s air quality is impacted by regional industrial activity concentrated further south towards Kolkata and the surrounding industrial belts. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Nagar represents a concentrated settlement within a largely agrarian setting. This proximity to agricultural land means seasonal burning of crop residue after harvest is a significant factor. The flat terrain offers little natural dispersion for pollutants, and the lack of significant windbreaks exacerbates this issue. The town’s small size means emissions are relatively localized, but regional transport of pollutants is still a concern, particularly during the winter months when meteorological conditions favour pollutant accumulation.

Nagar experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally worsens during the dry season (roughly October to April). November through February sees cooler temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Reduced wind speeds during these months further limit dispersion. The burning of agricultural residue after the rice harvest in November and December significantly elevates particulate matter levels. The monsoon season (June to September) offers a temporary respite, as heavy rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the air. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. August, while offering cleaner air due to rainfall, can also experience localized flooding, potentially releasing contaminants. March and April, before the monsoon arrives, are often dusty with pre-monsoon showers offering limited cleansing. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly November to February. Wearing masks (N95 or equivalent) is advisable during peak pollution periods. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding strenuous activity on poor air quality days is crucial for maintaining respiratory health.