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Sābang, a small town nestled in the Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges Delta region. Located at approximately 22.1830° N latitude and 87.5990° E longitude, its terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Hooghly River, a major distributary of the Ganges. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of fertile agricultural land, primarily dedicated to rice cultivation and jute farming, interspersed with small villages and scattered groves of mango and palm trees. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution, particularly from crop residue burning. Sābang’s elevation is low, generally below 20 meters above sea level, which limits atmospheric dispersion and can exacerbate pollution episodes. The town sits within a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the denser urban areas of Burdwan city to the more rural hinterland. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the Hooghly’s influence on the regional climate and hydrology is undeniable. The area experiences a humid subtropical climate, with hot, humid summers and mild, dry winters. Industrial activity in the broader Burdwan region, including brick kilns and small-scale manufacturing, contributes to localized air pollution. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often trap pollutants, leading to periods of poor air quality, especially during calmer weather conditions. The lack of significant topographical barriers further limits natural air cleansing processes.

Sābang’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, driven by a combination of factors. Rising temperatures lead to increased ground-level ozone formation, while agricultural burning of crop residue after the winter harvest releases significant quantities of particulate matter. Calm wind conditions during this period trap pollutants, creating stagnant air masses. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out pollutants, significantly improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can contribute to ozone formation under certain conditions. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as winds weaken and temperatures begin to rise again, with agricultural burning resuming. Winter months (December-February) are generally characterized by cooler temperatures and fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the early morning hours. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. Wearing masks and avoiding strenuous exercise when air quality is compromised is advisable. Public health advisories are often issued during periods of elevated pollution, and residents should heed these warnings.