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Serampore occupies a strategic position in the Hooghly River corridor of West Bengal, situated approximately 20 kilometres north of Kolkata within the densely urbanised Kolkata Metropolitan Region. This historic city lies on the western bank of the Hooghly River at an average elevation of just 12 metres above sea level, placing it within the vast, flat alluvial plains of the lower Ganges Delta. The city's geography creates a complex air quality scenario: its riverfront location historically supported jute and textile industries that now contribute to industrial emissions, while proximity to Kolkata integrates Serampore into a continuous urban-industrial belt extending along National Highway 16. The surrounding landscape transitions from dense urban fabric in Serampore proper to mixed peri-urban areas with small-scale manufacturing, then to agricultural zones growing rice and vegetables in the hinterlands. This urban-rural gradient means pollution sources blend vehicle exhaust from congested city streets with agricultural residue burning from nearby fields during certain seasons. The Hooghly River, while providing some ventilation, also hosts river port activities that add maritime emissions to the mix. The flat terrain inhibits natural dispersion of pollutants, while high humidity from the river and surrounding water bodies enhances particulate matter formation and persistence, creating challenging conditions for air quality management in this historically significant but industrially active settlement.

Serampore's tropical wet-and-dry climate creates distinct seasonal air quality patterns that residents must navigate carefully. During winter months from November through February, pollution reaches its peak as cool temperatures combine with frequent temperature inversions that trap vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and dust near the surface. Morning fog, common along the Hooghly River corridor, further enhances particulate accumulation, making these months particularly hazardous for outdoor activity, especially for children, elderly residents, and those with respiratory conditions. The pre-monsoon period from March to May brings extreme heat and occasional nor'westers (violent thunderstorms) that temporarily clear pollutants but also stir up construction and road dust. Summer months see some improvement as increased convection helps disperse pollutants, though high temperatures can accelerate photochemical reactions. The monsoon season from June to September dramatically improves air quality as heavy rainfall scrubs pollutants from the atmosphere and strong southwesterly winds provide ventilation. However, flooding events can temporarily worsen conditions by stirring up sediment and disrupting waste management. Post-monsoon months from October onward see gradual deterioration as rainfall ceases, winds weaken, and agricultural burning in surrounding areas begins. Sensitive groups should limit outdoor exposure during winter mornings, use air purifiers indoors, and schedule essential outdoor activities for monsoon months when air quality is most favourable.