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Shāntipur, nestled in the Nadia district of West Bengal, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges Delta. Located at approximately 23.25°N latitude and 88.43°E longitude, the city sits on the relatively flat alluvial plains formed by the Bhagirathi River, a major distributary of the Ganges. The terrain is predominantly low-lying, with an elevation averaging around 14 meters above sea level, making it susceptible to seasonal flooding. Shāntipur’s urban character is a blend of traditional residential areas and emerging commercial hubs, reflecting its growth as a regional trading centre, particularly for textiles. Surrounding the city is a rich agricultural landscape, dominated by rice paddies and jute cultivation. This agricultural activity, while economically vital, contributes to seasonal biomass burning, impacting local air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly to agricultural fields. Proximity to the Bhagirathi River influences humidity levels and can contribute to localised fog formation during cooler months. The region isn’t heavily industrialised, but nearby industrial belts in other parts of Nadia district and Hooghly district can contribute to regional pollutant transport, affecting Shāntipur’s air quality, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Shāntipur experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly influencing air quality. The post-monsoon season (October-November) often sees a deterioration in air quality due to stagnant air and the burning of crop residue after the harvest. Temperature inversions are common during the cooler, drier months (December-February), trapping pollutants near the ground and exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. This period is generally the least favourable for outdoor activity, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) brings increasing temperatures and dust storms, elevating particulate matter levels. The arrival of the monsoon (June-September) provides a temporary respite, as rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. While the monsoon offers cleaner air, the increased moisture can trigger mold growth, impacting those with allergies. October is often the worst month for air quality, while July and August typically offer the best conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should limit outdoor exposure during periods of poor air quality and consider using respiratory protection.