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Singhbāri, a small town in the Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India, occupies a relatively flat, alluvial plain characteristic of the Ganges Delta. Situated at coordinates 25.3761°N, 87.9485°E, its elevation is low, making it susceptible to localised flooding during the monsoon season. The town is interwoven with a network of distributaries and canals branching from the Bhagirathi River, a major channel of the Ganges, which significantly influences local humidity and air circulation. Singhbāri’s surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and jute cultivation, typical of the region. While not a major industrial hub itself, Singhbāri lies within a region experiencing increasing industrial activity, particularly brick kilns and small-scale manufacturing in nearby areas. This proximity contributes to particulate matter pollution. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Singhbāri transitions quickly into agricultural land, meaning pollutants have limited dispersion. The flat terrain restricts vertical mixing of air, exacerbating pollution build-up, especially during calm weather conditions. The town’s location within the Indo-Gangetic Plain, known for its stagnant air masses, further compounds these challenges. Understanding this geographical context is crucial for addressing Singhbāri’s air quality concerns.

Singhbāri experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the South-West Monsoon. Air quality generally improves during the monsoon months (June-September) as rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, high humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a gradual deterioration as the monsoon retreats, and agricultural burning of crop residue becomes prevalent, releasing significant smoke and pollutants. This period often experiences stagnant air, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period for air quality. Lower temperatures lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler, polluted air below. Calm winds further limit dispersion. March-May marks a transition period, with rising temperatures and increasing dust storms, contributing to particulate matter. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring local weather patterns and agricultural practices is vital for predicting pollution spikes. Avoiding peak hours near roads and agricultural areas is advisable.