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Muara Teweh, nestled in the heart of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, is a riverine town strategically positioned at the confluence of the Barito and Teweh rivers (-0.9535, 114.8981). The terrain is predominantly flat, typical of the lowland equatorial rainforests that characterise this region. Elevation is minimal, contributing to potential humidity and stagnant air conditions. The town’s urban character is defined by its dependence on river transport and resource extraction, primarily coal mining and timber. Surrounding Muara Teweh is a vast expanse of peat swamp forest, increasingly fragmented by agricultural expansion, particularly oil palm plantations. This landscape significantly impacts air quality; peatland drainage for agriculture releases substantial carbon emissions, and deforestation contributes to particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, transitioning quickly from the town’s core to dense forest and agricultural lands. The Barito River, while vital for transport, can also act as a conduit for pollutants during periods of low flow. Industrial activity concentrated along the riverbanks, including coal processing facilities, represents a key localised source of air pollution. The town’s location within a tropical rainforest climate means high humidity and limited natural ventilation exacerbate pollutant concentrations.

Muara Teweh experiences a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, is marked by increased forest fires and agricultural burning, leading to significant spikes in particulate matter (PM2.5) and haze. These fires, often intentionally set for land clearing, release vast quantities of smoke that can blanket the region for weeks. August and September are particularly challenging months for respiratory health. Conversely, the wet season (October to April) brings relief, with rainfall effectively washing pollutants from the atmosphere. However, even during the wet season, localised pollution from river transport, coal handling, and ongoing agricultural practices persists. Temperature inversions, common during the calmer nights of both seasons, can trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality. The monsoon winds, while bringing rain, can also transport smoke from fires in neighbouring regions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and consider using air purifiers indoors. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the south and west often carry smoke from burning areas.