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Dompu, nestled on the western coast of Lombok Island in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, occupies a geographically complex position significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately -8.5364° latitude and 118.4633° longitude, the city lies within a region characterized by a dramatic urban–rural gradient. Dompu itself is a relatively small coastal city, transitioning rapidly into a predominantly agricultural and forested landscape. The surrounding terrain is dominated by the slopes of the Samapinda and other volcanic mountains, rising sharply inland, creating a varied elevation profile. This mountainous backdrop contributes to localized microclimates and can trap pollutants under certain atmospheric conditions. The city’s proximity to the Ombak Strait, a branch of the Java Sea, introduces maritime influences, including sea breezes that can disperse pollutants, but also occasionally bring in salt spray and humidity. The dominant land use surrounding Dompu is smallholder agriculture, primarily focused on rice cultivation and the production of cloves, coffee, and cashew nuts. While Dompu doesn't have major industrial belts, smaller-scale processing facilities related to these agricultural products are present, potentially contributing to localized emissions. The prevailing winds, often influenced by monsoon patterns, generally flow from the southeast, carrying air masses across the Lombok Strait and impacting Dompu’s air quality. The combination of coastal location, mountainous terrain, and agricultural activity creates a unique environmental setting where air quality is susceptible to both regional and local factors.

Dompu’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a reduction in overall air pollution due to increased wind speeds and more frequent rainfall events that naturally cleanse the atmosphere. However, this period can also experience periods of stagnant air, particularly during calmer weather patterns, leading to a build-up of pollutants from agricultural burning practices – a common method for land clearing and crop residue disposal. The wet season, from November to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally improving air quality by washing away particulate matter. However, persistent fog and cloud cover, common during this time, can trap pollutants close to the ground, especially in the mornings. Temperature inversions, where cooler air settles in valleys and warmer air sits above, are less frequent than in temperate climates but can occur, exacerbating pollution episodes. During the dry season, particularly in August and September, outdoor activities should be approached with caution, especially for individuals with respiratory sensitivities. The wet season, while generally cleaner, can still present challenges due to humidity and potential for mold growth. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should monitor local conditions and limit prolonged outdoor exposure during periods of stagnant air or heavy fog, regardless of the season. Agricultural practices are a key factor, and awareness of burning schedules can help mitigate exposure.