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Lahat, nestled in the heart of South Sumatra, Indonesia, occupies a geographically complex position that significantly influences its air quality. Situated at coordinates -3.8000, 103.5333, the city lies within a basin surrounded by the Bukit Barisan mountain range to the west. This terrain creates a natural funnel, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of low wind speed. The city’s elevation, though relatively low, contributes to temperature inversions, a common phenomenon in tropical regions that exacerbates air pollution. Lahat is bisected by the Lematang River, a vital waterway but also a potential pathway for industrial discharge and agricultural runoff, impacting local air quality through volatilisation. The surrounding landscape is dominated by peat swamp forests and rubber plantations, with increasing conversion to palm oil estates. This land-use change contributes to particulate matter through burning for land clearing. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities dominating the periphery. The proximity to larger industrial centres further afield, coupled with regional transportation networks, introduces long-range pollutant transport. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for effective air quality management in Lahat.

Lahat experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically from June to September, sees a significant deterioration in air quality. Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust and particulate matter from unpaved roads and agricultural activities. This period also coincides with increased instances of open burning for land preparation, particularly for rubber and palm oil plantations, releasing substantial smoke and haze. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the dry season, trapping pollutants near the ground. October and November mark the transition period, with intermittent rainfall offering temporary relief. The wet season, from December to May, generally brings improved air quality due to rainfall scavenging pollutants from the atmosphere. However, even during the wet season, localised pollution from traffic and small-scale industries persists. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity and using appropriate respiratory protection. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; winds from the west can carry haze from forest fires in neighbouring regions. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution times is advised.