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Bīleh Savār, nestled within the Ardabīl Province of northwestern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 39.3794° N, 48.3542° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a consequence of its location within the broader Alborz mountain range foothills. Elevation plays a crucial role; Bīleh Savār sits at an altitude that influences both temperature and atmospheric stability, often contributing to temperature inversions, particularly during colder months. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily wheat and barley cultivation – interspersed with pockets of deciduous forests and grazing pastures. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the release of particulate matter from farming practices and seasonal burning. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with the city bordered by extensive rural areas, impacting the dispersion of pollutants. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the presence of smaller streams and seasonal watercourses influences local humidity and can affect the behaviour of airborne particles. The region’s proximity to industrial zones in Ardabīl city, approximately 70 kilometers away, introduces a potential source of long-range transported pollutants. The prevailing wind patterns, generally flowing from the northwest, can carry pollutants from these industrial areas towards Bīleh Savār, compounding local emissions. The valley setting can also trap pollutants, reducing their dispersal, especially when wind speeds are low.

Bīleh Savār’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional climate patterns. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold air masses frequently settle into the valleys, creating stable atmospheric conditions and promoting temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and other emissions. Agricultural burning, a common practice during this time for land preparation, exacerbates the problem. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, dust storms originating from the central Iranian deserts can occasionally impact air quality, introducing coarse particulate matter. Summers (June-August) are generally the most favourable period, with warmer temperatures, stronger winds, and increased convective mixing, which effectively ventilates the atmosphere. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity. Fog, particularly in October and November, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activities on days with visibly poor air quality. During spring, monitor local weather reports for dust storm warnings. While summers offer better air quality, heat advisories should be heeded, and strenuous outdoor activity avoided during peak heat hours. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year.