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Khowy, nestled in the northwestern Iranian province of Āz̄arbāyjān-e Gharbī, occupies a significant position within the broader landscape of the Iranian plateau. Situated at coordinates 38.5464° N, 44.9542° E, the city’s terrain is characterised by rolling hills and plains, typical of the region. Khowy’s elevation, approximately 1300 meters above sea level, influences its climate and atmospheric conditions. The city is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though the Khowy River flows nearby, providing a crucial water source but also potentially contributing to localised humidity and fog formation. Surrounding Khowy are predominantly agricultural lands, with wheat and barley cultivation being prominent. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and farming practices. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to agricultural fields. The regional wind patterns, influenced by the surrounding mountains, play a critical role in dispersing or trapping pollutants. The city’s location within a valley can exacerbate pollution build-up, particularly during temperature inversions. Industrial activity, though not concentrated within Khowy itself, exists in nearby areas, potentially contributing to transboundary pollution. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Khowy.

Khowy experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and human activity. Spring (March-May) often sees increased dust storms originating from the surrounding agricultural lands as fields are prepared for planting, impacting particulate matter levels. Summers (June-August) are typically drier, with higher temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions that can trap pollutants, though winds can offer some relief. September and October bring harvest time, again raising dust levels from agricultural processes. Autumn is generally a period of improving air quality as temperatures cool and rainfall increases, helping to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. Winters (November-February) are cold and often feature temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler, polluted air near the ground. This is often the period of poorest air quality, exacerbated by increased use of heating fuels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during winter months and periods of high dust activity in spring and autumn. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west and south can carry pollutants from regional sources. Fog, common in the cooler months, can also concentrate pollutants. Avoiding strenuous activity during these times is advisable.