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Sūreshjān, nestled within the Chahār Maḩāl va Bakhtīārī province of Iran, occupies a geographically complex position at approximately 32.3167° N, 50.6764° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping plain, part of the broader Zagros mountain foothills, resulting in an elevation of around 1,450 meters (4,757 feet) above sea level. This elevation contributes to a unique microclimate and influences air circulation patterns. Sūreshjān sits within a predominantly agricultural region, surrounded by fertile lands utilized for cultivating wheat, barley, and fruits, particularly pomegranates, a regional specialty. To the west, the imposing Zagros Mountains rise dramatically, acting as a partial barrier to prevailing winds and potentially trapping pollutants. The city’s urban footprint is relatively small, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as it transitions into scattered villages and agricultural fields. While not directly adjacent to a major river, groundwater resources are vital for irrigation, and occasional seasonal streams flow through the area. Industrial activity is limited, primarily consisting of small-scale agricultural processing and workshops, though the proximity to larger industrial zones in Isfahan (approximately 200 km to the north) means that transboundary pollution events are a possibility. The surrounding landscape, a mix of cultivated fields, scattered orchards, and the rugged foothills, significantly impacts local wind patterns and the dispersion of airborne pollutants, creating localized areas of higher concentration, particularly during periods of calm weather. The topography inherently limits ventilation, a key factor in air quality management.

Sūreshjān’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its climate and regional weather patterns. Winters (roughly December to February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. This is exacerbated by reduced wind speeds during these months, further hindering dispersion. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields after harvest, also contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution during this time. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the central Iranian deserts can occasionally impact air quality, particularly in April and May. Summers (June to August) are generally characterized by drier conditions and higher temperatures, which can lead to ozone formation, although this is less pronounced than in more urbanized areas. The relative lack of rainfall during this period can also allow pollutants to persist. Autumn (September to November) sees a transition period with fluctuating temperatures and wind patterns. The months of October and November often experience a resurgence of agricultural burning, impacting air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and be mindful of dust storm warnings in spring. Limiting outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air and high particulate matter is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also provide some relief.