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Arsanjān, nestled within the Fars Province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 29.9142° N, 53.3058° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping plain, part of the broader Zagros Mountains foothills, resulting in an elevation of around 1,350 meters above sea level. This elevation contributes to a unique microclimate and influences atmospheric stability. Arsanjān is surrounded by a landscape dominated by agricultural lands, primarily cultivating wheat, barley, and fruits, interspersed with scattered villages and traditional rural settlements. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural activities extending close to the city limits. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city benefits from groundwater resources, supporting irrigation and local water supplies. The proximity to the larger industrial belt centered around Shiraz, approximately 150 kilometers to the west, introduces a potential source of regional air pollution, with prevailing winds occasionally carrying industrial emissions eastward. The surrounding landscape, largely arid and semi-arid, limits the natural cleansing capacity of the atmosphere, as vegetation cover is sparse. The city’s location within a basin-like topography can exacerbate air quality issues, particularly during periods of temperature inversion, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The regional climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, further shapes the local atmospheric conditions and influences the dispersion of pollutants. The relatively small population of 17,642 suggests a primarily agricultural economy, though increasing connectivity to Shiraz may be introducing new pressures on the environment.

Arsanjān’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional weather patterns. Winters, spanning from November to February, are typically the most challenging period. Cold air masses frequently settle into the basin-like topography, creating stable atmospheric conditions and promoting temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and other emissions from agricultural burning and occasional industrial activity. Fog, common during these months, further reduces visibility and exacerbates the problem by limiting pollutant dispersion. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in the dispersal of pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including plowing and fertilizer application, can temporarily elevate particulate levels. Summers (June-August) are generally characterized by hot, dry conditions with relatively good air quality due to strong thermal uplift and frequent winds. However, dust storms originating from the surrounding deserts can occasionally impact air quality. Autumn (September-October) sees a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity, which can lead to stagnant air and localized pollution episodes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and monitoring local air quality reports. During spring, minimizing exposure during peak agricultural activity is advisable. Overall, the months of December and January are typically the most unfavorable for outdoor activities due to consistently poor air quality.