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Dowbarān, nestled in the Fars Province of southern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position within a landscape shaped by the Zagros Mountains and the expansive Iranian Plateau. Located at approximately 28.4050° N, 54.1878° E, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 1,550 meters (5,085 feet) above sea level, contributing to a cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions of Fars. The surrounding terrain is characterized by semi-arid conditions, transitioning from rugged foothills to flatter plains towards the south. This proximity to the mountains influences local wind patterns, often channeling airflows through the city. Dowbarān’s regional position places it within a zone experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient; agricultural lands, primarily focused on date palm cultivation and wheat farming, extend outwards from the city limits, while further afield, the landscape becomes increasingly dominated by sparse vegetation and rocky outcrops. While Dowbarān itself lacks immediate proximity to major bodies of water, the seasonal rivers and intermittent streams that flow from the Zagros Mountains play a crucial role in the local ecosystem. The presence of smaller industrial activities, including brick kilns and workshops related to agricultural processing, contributes to localized pollution sources. The topography, combined with the prevailing wind patterns and the surrounding agricultural and industrial activities, significantly impacts Dowbarān’s air quality, creating conditions susceptible to pollutant accumulation, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability.

Dowbarān’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its climate and regional weather patterns. Winters (roughly November to February) are typically characterized by cooler temperatures and increased frequency of temperature inversions, a meteorological phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground. This inversion layer inhibits vertical mixing, leading to a build-up of pollutants and potentially poorer air quality. Dust storms, originating from the arid regions to the east and southeast, are also more common during this period, further degrading air quality. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants. Summer (June to August) sees the highest temperatures, often accompanied by periods of intense sunshine and relatively stable atmospheric conditions, though the increased evaporation from agricultural lands can contribute to ground-level ozone formation. Autumn (September to October) generally offers the most favorable air quality, with moderate temperatures, increased wind activity, and reduced dust intrusion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with visible haze or dust. During the warmer months, avoiding strenuous outdoor exercise during peak sunlight hours is advisable. The agricultural practices surrounding Dowbarān, including the use of fertilizers and the burning of crop residue, can also contribute to localized air pollution episodes, regardless of the season.