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Eqlīd, nestled within the Fars Province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 30.89° N, 52.68° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently sloping plains transitioning into the foothills of the Zagros Mountains to the north and east. This location, at an elevation of roughly 1,350 meters (4,430 feet) above sea level, contributes to a unique microclimate and influences air circulation patterns. Eqlīd sits within a predominantly arid region, surrounded by expansive agricultural lands, particularly date palm groves and wheat fields, which contribute to seasonal dust events. The city’s urban fabric is relatively compact, reflecting its historical development as a regional trading center. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the proximity to seasonal streams and groundwater resources impacts local humidity levels. To the west, the landscape gradually merges into more rugged mountainous terrain. The urban–rural gradient around Eqlīd is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities dominating the immediate periphery. Industrial activity is limited, primarily focused on food processing and agricultural support industries, though the broader Fars Province hosts petrochemical facilities further afield, whose emissions can occasionally impact air quality. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest during cooler months, can transport pollutants from both local and regional sources, while the topography can trap stagnant air during periods of calm, exacerbating localized pollution episodes.

Eqlīd’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional weather patterns and agricultural practices. Winters (roughly November to February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold air masses descending from the Zagros Mountains frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. These inversions, coupled with reduced wind speeds, result in stagnant air and increased concentrations of particulate matter. Dust storms originating from the central Iranian deserts are also more frequent during this time, further degrading air quality. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal, can contribute to localized smoke plumes. Summers (June to August) are generally characterized by drier conditions and more stable atmospheric conditions, though occasional convective thunderstorms can briefly improve air quality. The intense heat can also lead to ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September to October) sees a return to cooler temperatures and increased wind speeds, leading to a further improvement in air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with visibly hazy conditions. Springtime agricultural burning necessitates awareness of localized smoke events. Staying informed about regional weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor exposure throughout the year.