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Estahbān, nestled in the Fars Province of Iran, occupies a geographically complex position within the Zagros Mountains' foothills. Located at approximately 29.1269° N, 54.0394° E and an elevation of roughly 1,350 meters (4,430 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of a semi-arid mountain environment. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rugged, sparsely vegetated slopes, transitioning into broader plains towards the east. While Estahbān lacks direct proximity to major rivers or lakes, it draws water from subterranean aquifers and seasonal streams fed by the Zagros range. This reliance on groundwater makes it vulnerable to drought and impacts water quality, indirectly influencing air quality through dust resuspension. The city’s regional position is significant; it lies along historical trade routes and is a regional agricultural hub, with surrounding areas dedicated to pistachio cultivation, wheat farming, and livestock rearing. This agricultural activity, coupled with potential localized industrial operations (though Estahbān is not a major industrial center), contributes to localized pollution sources. The urban–rural gradient around Estahbān is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands quickly giving way to the mountainous terrain. Topographically, the city is somewhat sheltered from prevailing winds from the west, which can lead to stagnant air conditions and the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. The surrounding mountains also contribute to dust storms, especially during dry periods, impacting air quality and visibility.

Estahbān’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and topography. Winters (roughly November to February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and exacerbating air quality issues. The lack of strong winds during this season further contributes to stagnation. Dust storms, originating from the surrounding arid and semi-arid lands, are also more frequent during winter months, significantly reducing visibility and increasing particulate matter. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more consistent, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including plowing and fertilizer application, can temporarily elevate ammonia and particulate levels. Summers (June to August) are generally characterized by hotter, drier conditions and increased wind speeds, which help to dilute pollutants. However, intense heat can also contribute to ozone formation. Autumn (September to October) sees a transition period with decreasing temperatures and increasing wind speeds, leading to fluctuating air quality. The months of December and January are particularly concerning due to the combined effects of temperature inversions and dust storms. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods. During the warmer months, while overall air quality may be better, prolonged exposure to sunlight can increase the risk of ozone-related health effects. Staying hydrated and avoiding strenuous activity during peak heat hours is advisable for everyone.