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Kavār, nestled within the Fars Province of southern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 29.2017° N, 52.6917° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping plain, part of the broader Zagros Mountains foothills, resulting in an elevation of roughly 750 meters above sea level. This location influences local air circulation patterns. Kavār is situated relatively close to the Persian Gulf, though the coastal influence is moderated by the intervening distance and the prevailing topography. The surrounding landscape is a mix of semi-arid plains and scattered agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to date palm cultivation and wheat farming, which can contribute to particulate matter during harvest seasons. To the east, the terrain rises more steeply towards the Zagros range, impacting regional wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The urban–rural gradient around Kavār is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. Industrial activity in the immediate vicinity is limited, though larger industrial zones are present further north within Fars Province, potentially impacting Kavār’s air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The city’s location within a basin-like structure, coupled with its relatively low elevation, can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months, hindering vertical mixing and leading to pollutant accumulation. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne contaminants.

Kavār’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its climate and regional weather patterns. Winters (roughly November to February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold air masses descending from the Zagros Mountains frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. These inversions, combined with reduced sunlight hours and calmer wind conditions, result in a build-up of particulate matter and other emissions. Dust storms, originating from the arid regions to the southeast, are also more frequent during this time, significantly degrading air quality. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, agricultural activities, including plowing and fertilizer application, can temporarily elevate ammonia and particulate levels. Summers (June to August) are generally characterized by hot, dry conditions and relatively stable atmospheric layers. While temperatures are high, the increased convective mixing can sometimes help to disperse pollutants, though stagnant air periods can still occur. Autumn (September to October) sees a transition period with variable wind patterns and a gradual return of cooler temperatures, potentially leading to intermittent episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring local air quality reports. During harvest seasons, even in spring and autumn, those with sensitivities should be mindful of potential agricultural emissions.