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Lowshān, nestled within the verdant Gilan province of northern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 36.6278° N, 49.5114° E. The city’s setting is characterized by a gentle transition from the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests, a UNESCO World Heritage site, to a more cultivated landscape. This unique biome contributes to the region’s high humidity and rainfall, influencing local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. Lowshān itself sits on a relatively low-lying plain, averaging around 300 meters above sea level, close to the Sefidrud River, a major waterway flowing from the Alborz Mountains. The surrounding terrain is undulating, with hills and valleys shaping the microclimates within the region. The proximity to the Caspian Sea, roughly 50 kilometers to the north, introduces a maritime influence, often resulting in coastal fog and reduced wind speeds, particularly during certain times of the year. Gilan province is a significant agricultural region, with rice cultivation being a dominant land use. This agricultural activity, alongside smaller-scale industrial operations concentrated in nearby cities like Rasht, contributes to potential sources of air pollutants. The urban-rural gradient around Lowshān is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery, impacting the dispersion of pollutants and creating localized air quality variations. The Hyrcanian forest acts as a natural filter, but its effectiveness is dependent on prevailing wind patterns and pollutant concentrations.

Lowshān’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and surrounding geography. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. This phenomenon, coupled with reduced wind speeds due to the maritime influence and frequent fog, results in stagnant air and elevated concentrations of particulate matter. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the region during this time to clear fields for spring planting, further exacerbates the situation. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants more effectively. However, periods of fog can still occur, temporarily hindering air quality. Summer (June-August) generally sees the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting good ventilation. The Hyrcanian forests also contribute to cleaner air during this period. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity. Agricultural activities resume, and the potential for temperature inversions returns, leading to a gradual decline in air quality towards the end of the season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and be mindful of potential air quality alerts. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the summer months, but even then, monitoring local conditions is advisable.