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Tūyserkān, nestled within the mountainous province of Hamadān in western Iran, occupies a geographically complex and historically significant position. Located at approximately 34.55°N, 48.44°E and an elevation of around 1,900 meters (6,234 feet) above sea level, the city sits within the Zagros Mountains, a formidable range that significantly influences its climate and air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rugged terrain, steep slopes, and deep valleys, characteristic of the broader Zagros region. While Tūyserkān itself is relatively small, with a population of roughly 50,455, it’s situated within a region experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient. To the north and west, the landscape transitions into increasingly remote agricultural lands and pastoral areas, while to the east and south, the influence of larger urban centers in Hamadān province becomes more apparent. The city’s proximity to the Alvand Rud river, though not directly adjacent, provides a localized source of moisture and influences microclimates. Historically, the Zagros Mountains have served as a barrier, impacting regional wind patterns and trapping pollutants. The area’s agricultural practices, including livestock farming and cultivation of crops like wheat and barley, contribute to localized emissions. Furthermore, the presence of industrial activity, though not extensive within Tūyserkān itself, in nearby areas of Hamadān province can contribute to transboundary air pollution events, impacting the city’s air quality through prevailing winds. The mountainous topography inherently limits air circulation, exacerbating the potential for pollutant accumulation.

Tūyserkān’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its mountainous geography and regional climate. Winters, spanning roughly November to March, are characterized by cold temperatures, frequent fog, and temperature inversions. These inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, significantly impede vertical mixing and lead to a build-up of pollutants. Residential heating, often reliant on solid fuels like wood and coal, further contributes to particulate matter concentrations during these months. Spring (April-May) brings a gradual warming and increased wind speeds, which help to disperse pollutants, leading to improved air quality. However, agricultural burning practices, common during this period as farmers clear fields, can cause localized spikes in pollution. Summers (June-August) are generally drier and warmer, with more frequent wind events that aid in pollutant dispersion. However, dust storms originating from the western deserts can occasionally impact air quality. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to cooler temperatures and calmer conditions, with a gradual increase in pollutant concentrations as winter approaches. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with persistent fog or temperature inversions. During spring, awareness of agricultural burning is crucial, and avoiding areas with visible smoke is recommended. While summer generally offers better air quality, monitoring for dust storm alerts is advisable. The combination of topography and seasonal weather patterns creates a unique air quality profile for Tūyserkān, requiring proactive measures to mitigate pollution impacts.