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Isfahan, situated at 32.6546°N, 51.6680°E in central Iran's Isfahan Province, occupies a strategic position on the semi-arid Iranian Plateau at approximately 1,590 meters elevation, which significantly influences its air quality dynamics. The city lies along the Zayandeh River, historically vital for agriculture and urban development, though water scarcity has intensified in recent decades. Isfahan's urban core is surrounded by a mix of agricultural lands, desert margins, and industrial zones, notably the Mobarakeh Steel complex to the southwest, which contributes substantially to industrial emissions. The terrain is relatively flat with low-lying basins that trap pollutants, exacerbated by the surrounding arid plateau that generates frequent dust storms. Proximity to the Dasht-e Kavir and other desert areas to the east introduces natural particulate matter, while the urban-rural gradient sees pollution concentrated in the densely populated central districts, with vehicle exhaust and construction dust adding to the burden. The city's location in a valley-like setting, flanked by the Zagros Mountains to the west, often leads to temperature inversions, particularly in winter, that hinder pollutant dispersion. This geographic context creates a complex air quality scenario where anthropogenic sources from industry and transport merge with natural dust, all amplified by topographic and climatic constraints.

In Isfahan, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its cold semi-arid climate. Winter months from November to February experience the worst pollution, driven by temperature inversions that trap vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions from Mobarakeh Steel, and residential heating pollutants near the surface, compounded by low wind speeds and frequent fog. Sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions should limit outdoor activities during this period, especially on calm, cold days. Spring brings some relief with increased winds that disperse pollutants, though dust storms from the surrounding plateau can spike particulate levels, making March and April variable for outdoor pursuits. Summer sees extreme heat and drought, which elevate ozone formation from vehicle emissions and industrial activity, while reduced dust storms due to higher atmospheric stability offer moderate improvement, though midday heat warrants caution. Autumn transitions back to worsening conditions as temperatures drop and inversions return, with October often marking the onset of peak pollution season. For optimal air quality, late spring and early summer are generally favourable for outdoor activities, while winter requires vigilance, with health guidance emphasizing indoor air filtration and reduced exertion on high-pollution days.