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Şaḩneh, nestled within the Kermanshah Province of western Iran, occupies a geographically complex position at approximately 34.48°N, 47.69°E. The city’s terrain is dominated by the Zagros Mountains, a significant geological feature influencing both its climate and air quality. Situated at an elevation of roughly 1,600 meters (5,249 feet) above sea level, Şaḩneh experiences a distinct mountainous landscape characterized by steep slopes and valleys. This topography contributes to localized wind patterns and can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is a mix of semi-arid rangelands and agricultural fields, primarily cultivating wheat and barley, with pockets of fruit orchards. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with small villages and agricultural areas immediately bordering the city limits. While Şaḩneh lacks direct proximity to major bodies of water, the nearby rivers and seasonal streams within the Zagros foothills play a role in regional humidity and precipitation patterns. Industrially, the region is characterized by smaller-scale operations, including brick kilns and some light manufacturing, contributing to localized air pollution. The city’s location within a broader agricultural belt, combined with the mountainous terrain, creates a unique microclimate susceptible to pollutant accumulation, especially when coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions. The Zagros range acts as a barrier, potentially hindering the dispersion of pollutants from both Şaḩneh and surrounding areas.

Şaḩneh’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and geographical setting. Winters, spanning roughly November to March, are typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. This phenomenon, combined with reduced sunlight hours and occasional fog, results in prolonged periods of stagnant air and elevated particulate matter. Spring (April-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms originating from the Mesopotamian plains to the east can significantly degrade air quality during this transition period. Summers (June-August) generally offer the best air quality, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and stronger winds. However, intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation under certain conditions. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to more stable atmospheric conditions, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity, potentially leading to a gradual decline in air quality as winter approaches. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and be mindful of dust storm events in spring. Limiting outdoor exertion during periods of poor visibility and maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can mitigate potential health impacts. Awareness of regional weather patterns and forecasts is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities.