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Neyshābūr, nestled in the heart of Khorāsān-e Raẕavī province, Iran, occupies a geographically complex position. Situated at coordinates 36.2200° N, 58.8200° E, the city lies on a high plateau, approximately 1,200 meters (3,937 feet) above sea level, within the broader Kopet Dag mountain range foothills. This elevation significantly influences its climate and air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by semi-arid plains, punctuated by rugged mountains to the north and east. The Kashf River, a vital water source, flows nearby, but is subject to seasonal fluctuations. Neyshābūr’s urban character is a blend of historical and modern elements, with a dense central core radiating outwards into agricultural lands. The region historically supported extensive agriculture, particularly fruit orchards and wheat fields, but has seen increasing industrial development, particularly related to food processing and construction materials. This industrial activity, concentrated on the city’s periphery, contributes to localised pollution sources. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with significant dust contributions from the surrounding agricultural lands and potential for temperature inversions due to the plateau’s topography, trapping pollutants near ground level. The prevailing winds, often originating from the west and northwest, can transport pollutants across the city and from neighbouring regions.

Neyshābūr experiences a continental climate with distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Spring (March-May) brings moderate temperatures and increased agricultural activity, leading to a rise in particulate matter from dust storms and field preparation. Winds are often strong, dispersing pollutants but also carrying dust from the surrounding plains. Summer (June-August) is hot and dry, with infrequent rainfall. High temperatures promote the formation of ozone, a secondary pollutant, particularly during periods of stagnant air. This is generally the period of best air quality, though dust remains a concern. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual cooling and increased rainfall, initially improving air quality. However, temperature inversions become more frequent as the days shorten, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially in November. Winter (December-February) is cold and often foggy, with minimal wind. Heating demands increase, leading to higher emissions from residential and commercial sources, particularly burning fossil fuels. This, combined with the frequent temperature inversions, results in the poorest air quality of the year. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during November and December. Avoiding peak hours near busy roads is advisable year-round.