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Saqqez, nestled within the Kordestān Province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position in the western Iranian landscape. Situated at coordinates 36.2411° N, 46.2706° E, the city is characterized by a mountainous terrain, part of the Zagros mountain range. Its elevation, averaging around 2,280 meters (7,480 feet), profoundly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rugged peaks and deep valleys, limiting atmospheric dispersion. Unlike cities near coastlines, Saqqez lacks the moderating influence of large bodies of water. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is a concentrated hub, quickly transitioning to agricultural lands and nomadic pastoral areas. While not a major industrial center, Saqqez serves as a regional trade hub, and surrounding areas support some small-scale industrial activity, including food processing and building materials. Dust storms originating from the arid and semi-arid regions to the west and southwest are a recurring feature, impacting air quality. The terrain funnels winds through the valleys, sometimes exacerbating pollution concentrations, particularly during calm weather conditions. The city’s location within a basin contributes to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Saqqez experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) brings increased rainfall, temporarily improving air quality by washing away particulate matter, though pollen counts can be high. Summers (June-August) are generally drier with higher temperatures, leading to increased ozone formation, especially during periods of intense sunlight. However, winds can offer some relief. Autumn (September-November) often sees a deterioration in air quality as temperatures drop and heating systems are activated, increasing emissions from burning fuels. This is often coupled with stable atmospheric conditions. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging period. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants, including those from residential heating – a primary source of pollution in Saqqez. Snowfall can briefly improve conditions, but often leads to a build-up of pollutants when it melts. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of stagnant air. Dust storms are most frequent during the transitional seasons, particularly spring and autumn. Months to favour for outdoor activity are generally April-May, after the winter pollution but before the summer ozone build-up.