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Aznā, nestled within Lorestān Province in western Iran, occupies a geographically complex position at approximately 33.46° N, 49.45° E. The city’s setting is dominated by the Zagros Mountains, a significant geological feature influencing both its terrain and microclimate. Aznā sits at an elevation of roughly 1,550 meters (5,085 feet) above sea level, contributing to cooler temperatures and potentially impacting atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rugged mountains, semi-arid plains, and scattered agricultural lands, primarily focused on wheat and barley cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, particularly during harvest seasons. The city’s urban form is relatively compact, reflecting its historical development and the constraints of the mountainous terrain. Aznā’s proximity to the Dez River, though not directly adjacent, provides a degree of moisture and influences local weather patterns. Further afield, industrial activity is concentrated in larger urban centers like Khorramabad, but smaller workshops and processing facilities within Lorestān contribute to localized pollution. The urban–rural gradient around Aznā is gradual, with agricultural fields and small villages blending into the city’s periphery. The topography, with its valleys and ridges, can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues, especially during periods of low wind speed. The prevailing winds, often channeled through the mountain passes, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants within the Aznā basin.

Aznā’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and regional weather patterns. Winters (roughly November to February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. This phenomenon, combined with reduced sunlight hours and occasional fog, results in a build-up of particulate matter and other pollutants. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, agricultural burning practices during this period can temporarily degrade air quality. Summers (June to August) are generally the most favorable, with higher temperatures, stronger winds, and increased convective mixing that effectively ventilates the atmosphere. Dust storms originating from the surrounding deserts can, however, occasionally impact air quality. Autumn (September to October) sees a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and a return to more stable atmospheric conditions, potentially leading to a gradual decline in air quality towards the winter months. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities during periods of stagnant air. During the spring, awareness of agricultural burning is crucial, and avoiding prolonged exposure during these events is advisable. While summer generally offers better air quality, dust storm alerts should be monitored.