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Nekā, nestled in the Māzandarān province of northern Iran, occupies a strategically important position where the Alborz Mountains meet the Caspian Sea. Its coordinates (36.6500, 53.2972) place it within a coastal plain characterized by fertile alluvial soils, a legacy of the Talar River which bisects the city. The surrounding landscape is a dynamic blend of agricultural fields – predominantly rice paddies and orchards – and the foothills of the Alborz range, rising steeply to the south. Nekā’s elevation, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively humid climate influenced by the Caspian Sea’s proximity. This maritime influence moderates temperatures but also fosters frequent fog and low-lying cloud cover, particularly during cooler months. The city’s urban character is a mix of traditional Iranian architecture and more modern developments, reflecting its growth as a regional trade and agricultural hub. To the east, the landscape transitions into more rugged mountainous terrain. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. While Nekā itself lacks major heavy industries, it serves as a distribution point for agricultural products from the wider Māzandarān province, and is within reach of industrial zones further inland. The prevailing winds, generally flowing westward from the Caspian Sea, play a crucial role in dispersing (or concentrating) pollutants, impacting local air quality. The combination of coastal humidity, mountainous terrain, and agricultural activity creates a unique geographical setting that significantly influences Nekā’s air quality profile.

Nekā’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological patterns. The wet season, spanning autumn and winter (September to March), is often characterized by increased humidity and frequent fog, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Temperature inversions, common during these months, exacerbate this issue, preventing vertical mixing and leading to stagnant air conditions. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for clearing fields after the rice harvest, contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution during late autumn. Spring (April to June) typically brings improved air quality as winds strengthen and temperatures rise, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, dust storms originating from Central Asia can occasionally impact Nekā during this period. Summer (July to August) sees relatively stable atmospheric conditions, with generally good air quality, although high temperatures can contribute to ozone formation. The proximity to the Caspian Sea introduces a maritime influence, sometimes bringing in moisture and reducing pollutant concentrations, but also occasionally leading to localized sea breezes that can redistribute pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the autumn and winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with persistent fog or low visibility. During the agricultural burning season, wearing masks can provide some protection. The combination of agricultural practices, coastal humidity, and regional weather systems dictates the air quality narrative in Nekā, demanding careful monitoring and mitigation strategies.