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Maḩmūdābād Nemūneh, nestled within Qazvīn Province in northwestern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position within the central Alborz mountain range foothills. The city’s coordinates (36.2903° N, 49.8994° E) place it in a relatively high-elevation basin, approximately 1,600 meters above sea level. This terrain significantly influences local air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by semi-arid plains transitioning into rugged mountainous terrain to the north and east. The Qazvīn plain, a broad agricultural zone, dominates the immediate vicinity, supporting intensive farming practices. To the south, the landscape becomes more undulating, leading towards the central Iranian plateau. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Maḩmūdābād Nemūneh serving as a regional service centre for surrounding agricultural communities. The city’s location within a basin can exacerbate pollution episodes, as topographical features can trap pollutants and limit atmospheric dispersion. Prevailing winds, often originating from the northwest, can transport pollutants from industrial areas further afield, while local emissions from agricultural activities – including fertiliser use and burning of crop residue – contribute to particulate matter concentrations. The lack of substantial bodies of water nearby means limited evaporative cooling, potentially contributing to higher temperatures and increased smog formation during warmer months.

Air quality in Maḩmūdābād Nemūneh exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a deterioration in air quality due to increased agricultural activity, including the burning of agricultural waste after the winter season, releasing significant particulate matter. Dust storms originating from western and southwestern Iran also contribute during this period. Summers (June-August) are typically drier, with higher temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions, leading to increased ozone formation and potential for temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. While wind speeds can be higher, they are often insufficient to fully disperse emissions. Autumn (September-November) generally brings improved air quality as agricultural activities subside and rainfall increases, washing away particulate matter. However, the onset of heating season introduces emissions from domestic fuel burning. Winters (December-February) are cold, with frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants from residential heating – primarily wood and fossil fuels – close to the ground. Fog can also exacerbate pollution by reducing visibility and increasing humidity, promoting secondary pollutant formation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during spring and winter months. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding strenuous exercise on poor air quality days is crucial.