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Eyvānekey, nestled within the Semnān Province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position on the fringes of the Dasht-e Kavir, the vast central desert. Located at approximately 35.34° N, 52.07° E and an elevation of roughly 950 meters above sea level, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating plains and low hills, typical of the Iranian plateau. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of arid and semi-arid ecosystems, transitioning from sparse vegetation closer to the city to more extensive desert expanses further afield. While Eyvānekey lacks immediate proximity to major rivers or lakes, it benefits from groundwater resources, supporting limited agricultural activity in the surrounding areas, primarily focused on wheat and barley cultivation. This agricultural zone, while relatively small, contributes to localized dust emissions, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons. The city’s regional position places it within a corridor connecting major urban centers, leading to some vehicular traffic passing through. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Eyvānekey itself is a small, compact settlement, quickly giving way to agricultural lands and then the expansive desert. The prevailing winds, often originating from the northeast, can carry dust and pollutants from distant sources, impacting air quality. The city’s location within a rain shadow area, influenced by the Alborz Mountains, contributes to low precipitation and dry conditions, which can exacerbate dust and particulate matter accumulation. The limited vegetation cover further reduces the natural capacity for air purification, making the city susceptible to air quality challenges.

Eyvānekey’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological patterns. Spring (March-May) often brings a brief respite, with increased precipitation and slightly stronger winds dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, this period is also marked by agricultural activities, leading to increased dust and potential pesticide drift. Summer (June-August) is typically the most challenging season. High temperatures and persistent anticyclonic conditions frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The lack of significant rainfall and low wind speeds during this time exacerbate the problem. Dust storms originating from the Dasht-e Kavir are also more frequent, significantly degrading air quality. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and wind patterns shift, though agricultural burning can contribute to localized pollution. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cold, calm conditions and frequent fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Spring and autumn offer more favorable conditions, but awareness of agricultural practices is crucial. The dry climate and limited rainfall throughout the year mean that pollutants tend to persist longer, making consistent air quality monitoring and mitigation strategies essential. Fog events in winter can be particularly hazardous, requiring increased vigilance and reduced outdoor exertion.