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Al Fallūjah occupies a strategic position along the Euphrates River in Iraq's Al Anbār Governorate, approximately 69 kilometers west of Baghdad. Situated at coordinates 33.3500°N, 43.7833°E, this city of approximately 250,000 people lies within the Mesopotamian Plain at an elevation of roughly 40 meters above sea level, characterized by flat to gently undulating terrain typical of the Tigris-Euphrates river system. The Euphrates River flows directly through the city, creating a narrow riparian corridor that historically supported agriculture but now faces urban encroachment. Al Fallūjah's geography places it within Iraq's 'Sunni Triangle' region, functioning as a key transportation node between Baghdad and Syria, with major highways contributing to vehicular emissions. The surrounding landscape transitions from urban density to semi-arid plains dotted with palm groves and irrigated farmland, though agricultural activity has diminished due to water scarcity and conflict. This urban-rural gradient means pollution sources are concentrated within the city proper, with limited dispersion opportunities due to the flat topography. Proximity to the Euphrates provides some local humidity but no significant moderating effect on air quality. The city's location in a basin-like plain surrounded by desert to the west creates conditions where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Industrial activity is limited compared to larger Iraqi cities, but general urban sources—vehicle exhaust, generator use during power outages, residential heating with low-quality fuels, and dust from unpaved roads—combine with regional desert dust to degrade air quality. The absence of significant elevation changes or coastal influences means Al Fallūjah experiences minimal natural ventilation, allowing pollutants to persist near ground level.

Al Fallūjah's air quality follows distinct seasonal patterns driven by Iraq's arid continental climate, though specific climate zone data is unavailable. During winter (December-February), cooler temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the surface, particularly from residential heating using diesel or kerosene. Morning fog occasionally forms along the Euphrates, combining with smoke to create hazardous visibility and respiratory conditions. Sensitive groups should limit outdoor activity on calm, cold mornings. Spring (March-May) brings rising temperatures and increased wind activity, which disperses local pollution but often introduces intense dust storms from the western deserts—these Shamal winds peak in April-May, carrying fine particulate matter that can exceed safe levels for days. Outdoor activities should be avoided during dust events. Summer (June-August) features extreme heat exceeding 45°C, which accelerates photochemical reactions producing ground-level ozone, though primary pollutant levels may decrease due to reduced heating emissions. However, high energy demand for cooling increases generator use, emitting nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Early mornings are safest for outdoor exertion. Autumn (September-November) sees gradually cooling temperatures and reduced dust storms, offering relatively better air quality, though occasional temperature inversions return by November. Throughout the year, the absence of monsoon or significant precipitation means little natural cleansing of the atmosphere. Sensitive populations—children, elderly, and those with respiratory conditions—should monitor local dust advisories, use air filtration indoors during storms, and schedule activities for times when wind speeds are higher. The variability in peak pollution months reflects the interplay between seasonal dust events and anthropogenic sources.