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Ḩarīr, nestled within the Arbīl Governorate of Iraq, occupies a geographically significant position in the Kurdistan Region. Located at coordinates 36.5517° N, 44.3516° E, the city is situated on a plateau, part of the foothills of the Zagros Mountains. This elevated terrain, approximately 400-500 meters above sea level, influences local weather patterns and air circulation. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills and agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to wheat, barley, and fruit orchards. Ḩarīr benefits from proximity to the Great Zab river, though its direct impact on local air quality is limited. Unlike heavily industrialised areas of Iraq, Ḩarīr’s economy is largely agrarian, reducing some sources of industrial pollution. However, the increasing use of agricultural machinery and potential dust from farmland contribute to particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact with a population of around 28,518, quickly transitioning to open countryside. Regional winds, often originating from the northwest, can carry dust and pollutants from further afield, impacting air quality. The city’s location within a valley can also trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating local air quality issues. Understanding this interplay of terrain, land use, and regional winds is crucial for assessing and mitigating pollution in Ḩarīr.

Ḩarīr experiences a Mediterranean-influenced climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) brings moderate temperatures and occasional rainfall, temporarily improving air quality by washing away accumulated dust. However, agricultural burning to prepare fields for planting can lead to localised spikes in particulate matter. Summers (June-August) are hot and dry, with consistently high temperatures and infrequent rainfall. This period often sees the poorest air quality due to increased dust suspension from dry land and potential for temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite with cooler temperatures and increased precipitation, leading to improved air quality. This is generally the most favourable time for outdoor activities. Winters (December-February) are cold and damp, with occasional snowfall in the surrounding mountains. While precipitation can cleanse the air, temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants from domestic heating – primarily wood and kerosene – close to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exposure during summer heat and winter inversions. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as winds from the west can bring dust storms from Syria and surrounding arid regions, significantly worsening air quality during any season. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor activity are July and August, and January and February.