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Imam Qasim, nestled within the Babil Governorate of Iraq, occupies a strategically important position in the Mesopotamian plain, a region historically known as the Fertile Crescent. Located at approximately 32.2980° N, 44.6828° E, the city’s geography is characterized by a relatively flat terrain, typical of alluvial plains formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The elevation is low, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Imam Qasim’s proximity to the Tigris River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local air quality through humidity and potential for riverine emissions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of wheat, barley, and date palms dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, while crucial for the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, especially during harvest seasons when burning of crop residues is practiced. To the east, the landscape gradually rises towards the broader Mesopotamian plateau. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Imam Qasim transitioning quickly from built-up areas to agricultural land. Industrial activity in the wider Babil Governorate, including oil refining and cement production, can impact Imam Qasim’s air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The city’s location within a basin-like structure further exacerbates the potential for pollutant trapping, especially when coupled with temperature inversions.

Imam Qasim experiences a hot, dry climate with distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. The summer months (June-August) are characterized by intense heat, minimal rainfall, and frequent dust storms originating from the surrounding deserts. These dust events, driven by strong winds, dramatically increase particulate matter concentrations, posing a serious health risk. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The transition seasons, spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November), offer slightly improved conditions, with more moderate temperatures and occasional rainfall that helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, agricultural burning practices during these periods can still contribute to localized pollution spikes. Winter (December-February) is generally the most favorable time for air quality, with cooler temperatures and increased rainfall. However, fog events, particularly in December and January, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility, creating localized air quality concerns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during dust storm events and periods of heavy fog. During the hot summer months, staying indoors with air filtration and adequate hydration is crucial. Agricultural workers should utilize respiratory protection when exposed to smoke from burning fields. Public health advisories are often issued during peak pollution periods, recommending reduced physical exertion and awareness of potential health impacts.