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Zākhū, nestled in the mountainous region of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at coordinates 37.1436, 42.6819, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 540 meters (1772 feet) above sea level, within the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. This terrain significantly impacts air circulation, creating pockets where pollutants can accumulate. The Greater Zab River flows nearby, offering some natural ventilation but also contributing to humidity which can exacerbate certain pollutant effects. Zākhū’s urban character is defined by its relatively compact layout, expanding outwards from the historic city centre. Surrounding the city is a landscape dominated by agricultural lands – particularly orchards and fields – and rugged, sparsely vegetated hills. While not a major industrial hub itself, Zākhū’s regional position means it can be affected by dust storms originating from the arid plains to the west and southwest. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activity decreasing as elevation increases. This combination of topography, proximity to water, and surrounding land use creates a complex interplay of factors affecting local air quality, making it vulnerable to both regional and locally generated pollution sources. The city’s location within a valley further restricts air dispersal.

Zākhū experiences a Mediterranean-influenced climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) brings increased agricultural activity, potentially raising particulate matter from tilling and fertilizer use, alongside pollen counts. Summer (June-August) is typically hot and dry, with stable atmospheric conditions and temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly during periods of calm winds. Dust storms, originating from the Syrian and Iraqi deserts, are most frequent during these months, significantly degrading air quality. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite with cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, the burning of agricultural waste after harvest can contribute to localised smoke pollution. Winter (December-February) is cold and often damp, with occasional snowfall. While temperatures can lead to increased fuel combustion for heating, the increased precipitation and wind speeds generally improve air dispersal. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during the summer months and periods of dust storms. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution times is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and heeding health advisories is crucial throughout the year, but especially during the transition seasons.