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Khānaqīn, situated in the Diyālá Governorate of eastern Iraq, occupies a unique geographic position within the foothills of the Zagros Mountains. The city’s coordinates (34.3483° N, 45.3906° E) place it along the Alwand River, a tributary of the Diyālā River, which provides a crucial water source but also contributes to localised humidity. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, transitioning rapidly from agricultural lands to more rugged mountainous landscapes further east. With an elevation of approximately 600 meters, Khānaqīn experiences a continental climate, influenced by both Mediterranean and Central Asian air masses. The surrounding region is predominantly agricultural, with significant cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and grains. While not a major industrial hub itself, Khānaqīn serves as a regional trade centre, processing agricultural products from the surrounding rural areas. This processing, alongside transport activity, contributes to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable increase in dust and particulate matter as one moves away from the riverine areas and towards agricultural fields. The city’s location within a valley can exacerbate pollution events, trapping emissions during periods of atmospheric stability. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, can transport pollutants from more distant sources, impacting local air quality.

Khānaqīn’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated dust from the dry winter months, but agricultural burning for land preparation can cause spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat and stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, particularly from vehicle emissions and local industry. This is typically the worst period for air quality. Autumn (September-November) offers a respite, with cooler temperatures and increased wind speeds dispersing pollutants. However, the onset of heating with biomass fuels in homes begins to contribute to indoor and outdoor particulate pollution. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cold temperatures, frequent fog, and reduced sunlight. These conditions exacerbate pollution, trapping emissions and reducing atmospheric mixing. Dust storms, originating from the arid regions to the west and south, are also common during winter and spring, significantly degrading air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during summer and winter months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; westerly winds often bring poorer air quality. Avoiding peak traffic hours can also reduce exposure.