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Mandalī, situated in the Diyālā Governorate of Iraq, occupies a geographically significant position within the eastern part of the country. Located at coordinates 33.7481° N, 45.5550° E, the city rests on relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Diyālā River. This river, a major tributary of the Tigris, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised fog formation, which can trap pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive farmland dedicated to cereal crops and date palms. To the east, the terrain begins to rise towards the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, creating a complex interplay of wind patterns. Mandalī’s urban character is typical of a regional Iraqi centre, exhibiting a blend of traditional housing and more modern construction. The city serves as a crucial market hub for the surrounding agricultural region. Air quality is particularly vulnerable due to the flat topography which limits dispersion, the proximity to agricultural practices involving potential burning of crop residue, and the potential for dust storms originating from the arid western regions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits, creating a source of both fresh air and potential pollutants. The city’s location within a major agricultural zone and its flat terrain are key determinants of its air quality challenges.

Mandalī experiences a Mediterranean-influenced climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Air quality in Mandalī fluctuates dramatically with the seasons. Spring (March-May) sees a moderate increase in particulate matter due to dust storms originating from the western deserts, exacerbated by winds picking up after the winter rains. Summer (June-August) brings consistently high temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions, leading to the build-up of pollutants from vehicle emissions and potential industrial activity, though the dry air can offer some dispersion. This is generally the period of poorest air quality. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite as cooler temperatures and increased rainfall help to wash pollutants from the air. However, agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest can create localised spikes in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cooler, wetter conditions and increased fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to reduced visibility and respiratory irritation. November and December are often the months with the most stagnant air. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during summer and winter months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west often carry significant dust loads. Staying indoors during dust storms and using air purifiers are recommended.