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Tāzah Khūrmātū, nestled within the Karkūk Governorate of Iraq, occupies a strategically important location in the northern Mesopotamian plain. Situated at approximately 35.3024° N, 44.3264° E, the city’s geography is defined by its gently undulating terrain, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Tigris River system. The elevation averages around 250 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily wheat and barley cultivation – and arid steppe, gradually transitioning into the foothills of the Zagros Mountains to the east. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter from farming practices, including dust from tilling and burning of crop residues, particularly during harvest seasons. While Tāzah Khūrmātū lacks immediate access to significant bodies of water, the Karkūk oil fields, a major industrial belt, lie within a relatively short distance to the north, representing a crucial factor influencing regional air quality. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural settlements blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, can transport pollutants from the oil fields and surrounding agricultural areas into the city, impacting local air quality. The city’s relatively small size (population ~40,000) means that localized industrial emissions, while present, are less impactful than regional transport of pollutants.

Tāzah Khūrmātū experiences a semi-arid climate with distinct seasonal variations that significantly influence air quality. The dry season, spanning from late spring through autumn, typically brings the poorest air quality. High temperatures and reduced precipitation create stable atmospheric conditions, frequently leading to temperature inversions where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Dust storms, common during the summer months (June-August), contribute significantly to particulate matter concentrations, impacting visibility and respiratory health. The autumn months (September-November) often see agricultural burning, further exacerbating the problem. Winter (December-February) offers a slight respite, with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall helping to cleanse the air. However, fog, particularly in December and January, can trap pollutants close to the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as winds increase and rainfall becomes more frequent. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during dust storm events and periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing masks can help mitigate exposure. The period from late March to early May generally presents the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, although vigilance regarding agricultural practices remains important.