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Khānah Sūr, nestled within the Nīnawá Governorate of Iraq, occupies a significant position on the Nineveh Plains. Located at coordinates 36.4778° N, 41.6114° E, the city sits approximately 60 kilometers southeast of Mosul. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Tigris River, though gentle undulations are present. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive wheat and barley fields dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to particulate matter pollution through dust from tilling and harvesting, and potential pesticide drift. Khānah Sūr’s elevation is relatively low, around 230 meters above sea level, influencing atmospheric stability and potentially trapping pollutants. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, but the Tigris River’s influence on regional humidity and wind patterns is considerable. While not a heavily industrialized zone itself, its proximity to Mosul, a city with a history of industrial activity and recent conflict-related damage, means it can be affected by transported pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with a rapid transition from densely populated areas to open farmland, impacting local wind flow and dispersion of pollutants. The city’s reconstruction following conflict adds to dust and construction-related emissions.

Khānah Sūr experiences a Mediterranean-influenced climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Air quality in Khānah Sūr is markedly seasonal. Summer (June-August) sees the highest pollution levels, driven by intense heat and stable atmospheric conditions that trap dust and emissions from agricultural activities and regional sources. Low wind speeds exacerbate the problem, leading to stagnant air. October-November brings a temporary improvement as cooler temperatures and increased rainfall help to wash away pollutants. However, winter (December-February) can see a resurgence of pollution due to increased use of solid fuels for heating, creating localized smoke and particulate matter. Temperature inversions, common during winter mornings, further concentrate pollutants near the ground. Spring (March-May) generally offers the best air quality, with moderate temperatures, increased rainfall, and stronger winds aiding dispersion. Dust storms, originating from the Syrian and Saudi Arabian deserts, are a significant concern throughout the year, but particularly during spring and summer. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak pollution periods, especially in summer and winter. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west and southwest often carry dust from arid regions.