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Jerusalem occupies a unique geographic position in the Judean Mountains of central Israel, perched at an elevation of approximately 750 meters above sea level, which significantly influences its air quality dynamics. The city straddles the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea to the west and the arid Judean Desert descending to the Dead Sea to the east, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. Jerusalem's topography consists of limestone hills and valleys, with development expanding across ridges and slopes, affecting pollutant dispersion. While not directly coastal, the city lies about 50 kilometers inland from the Mediterranean, receiving occasional sea breezes that can temporarily improve air quality, though these are often blocked by the mountain range. The surrounding landscape includes agricultural zones in the western foothills and sparse desert vegetation to the east, with limited heavy industry nearby, reducing some pollution sources. However, Jerusalem's status as a major urban center means emissions from transportation, construction, and residential heating are primary contributors. The city's elevation can lead to temperature inversions, particularly in winter, trapping pollutants in the valleys. Its location in a politically sensitive region also means cross-border dust events from arid areas occasionally affect air quality, though less frequently than in coastal cities. The urban fabric, with dense historical quarters and sprawling modern suburbs, creates microclimates that influence pollution accumulation, making geography a key factor in Jerusalem's air quality profile.

Jerusalem's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. In spring (March to May), mild temperatures and occasional rainfall help disperse pollutants, making this season generally favourable for outdoor activities, though pollen from local vegetation can affect sensitive groups. Summer (June to August) brings high temperatures and low humidity, increasing ozone formation from vehicle emissions under intense sunlight; pollution can peak during heatwaves when stagnant air reduces dispersion, advising vulnerable individuals to limit exertion during midday. Autumn (September to November) sees transitional weather with cooler temperatures and sporadic rain, gradually improving air quality, but early autumn may still experience residual summer pollution. Winter (December to February) is the most challenging season: cold temperatures lead to increased use of heating fuels, while temperature inversions in the city's valleys trap particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, creating pollution episodes that peak in January and February. Fog and low clouds can exacerbate these conditions, reducing visibility and air quality. Sensitive groups, such as those with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, should monitor air quality reports closely in winter, avoid outdoor activities during inversion events, and consider using air purifiers indoors. Overall, spring and autumn offer the best conditions for outdoor pursuits, while winter requires heightened awareness due to meteorological factors that concentrate pollutants.