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Bet She’an, nestled in the northern Jordan Valley of Israel (coordinates 32.5000, 35.5000), occupies a unique geographical position. The city sits at approximately 250 meters below sea level, making it one of the lowest cities in the world. This location within the Great Rift Valley profoundly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by arid and semi-arid conditions, transitioning into the fertile agricultural lands of the Beit She'an Valley. The Jordan River flows nearby, though its water levels have significantly decreased over time. Historically, Bet She’an served as a crucial crossroads, connecting trade routes between the Mediterranean coast and Transjordan. Today, it functions as a regional centre for the surrounding agricultural communities. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with intensive farming practices dominating the immediate vicinity. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and pesticide application. The valley’s topography, enclosed by hills, can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues, particularly during periods of calm weather. Industrial activity, though limited, is concentrated on the city’s periphery, adding to localised emission sources. The prevailing winds generally flow north-south, potentially carrying pollutants from further south.

Bet She’an experiences a distinct Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Air quality in Bet She’an follows a predictable seasonal pattern. Summer (June-August) often sees elevated levels of ozone due to intense sunlight and high temperatures reacting with vehicle emissions and industrial byproducts. Dust storms originating from the Syrian and Arabian deserts are also common during these months, significantly impacting particulate matter concentrations. Autumn (September-November) brings a temporary improvement as cooler temperatures reduce ozone formation and rainfall helps to cleanse the air. However, agricultural burning of crop residue after harvest can lead to localised spikes in pollution. Winter (December-February) is generally the period of best air quality, with frequent rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air below, can occur, leading to pollutant build-up. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in pollution as temperatures rise and agricultural activity intensifies. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during summer afternoons and periods of agricultural burning. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants can be transported from regional sources.