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Pozzuoli, a coastal city in the Campania region of Italy, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated on the Bay of Naples, west of Naples itself, the city occupies a volcanic landscape dominated by the Campi Flegrei caldera. This caldera, still active, shapes the terrain with rolling hills and low-lying areas, impacting air circulation patterns. The city’s elevation varies, but generally remains close to sea level, making it susceptible to marine influences and humidity. Pozzuoli’s urban character is a blend of historical centres and modern residential areas, with a port playing a crucial role in its economy. Surrounding the city are agricultural zones, particularly vineyards and orchards, alongside industrial areas concentrated around the port and extending towards Naples. The proximity to the Tyrrhenian Sea provides some natural ventilation, but can also trap pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively steep, transitioning quickly from dense urban development to agricultural land and then to the volcanic hills. This proximity to both industrial activity and volcanic emissions, combined with the bay’s topography, creates a complex air quality scenario. The port’s activity, including shipping and associated logistics, is a significant localised source of emissions.

Pozzuoli’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by meteorological conditions. Summer months (June-August) often experience relatively cleaner air due to prevailing winds from the sea dispersing pollutants, though increased tourism and associated traffic can locally elevate levels. However, intense sunlight and high temperatures promote photochemical smog formation, increasing ozone concentrations. Autumn (September-November) sees a deterioration in air quality as temperatures drop and atmospheric stability increases, trapping emissions from heating systems and industrial sources. November is often the most polluted month. Winter (December-February) brings frequent temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler, polluted air near the ground, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Rainfall is more frequent during this period, offering some cleansing effect, but also contributing to dampness and potential mould growth indoors. Spring (March-May) marks a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, diluting pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Monitoring volcanic emissions is also crucial year-round, as these can contribute to localised air quality issues.