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Leno, a municipality in the province of Brescia, Lombardy, Italy, is situated within the Po Valley, a region critically impacted by air quality concerns. Located at coordinates 45.3703° N, 10.2167° E, the city occupies a relatively flat alluvial plain, characteristic of the valley floor, at an elevation of approximately 75 meters above sea level. This low-lying terrain contributes to the frequent formation of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by intensive agriculture, particularly maize and wheat cultivation, alongside scattered industrial activity concentrated around Brescia and other larger towns in the valley. The Oglio River flows nearby, influencing local humidity but offering limited dispersion of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Leno itself is a moderately sized town, but quickly transitions to agricultural land. The Po Valley’s geography, enclosed by the Alps and Apennines, restricts air circulation, exacerbating pollution episodes. This geographical ‘bowl’ effect, combined with dense population and economic activity, makes the region one of the most polluted in Europe. The proximity to major transport routes, including the A35 motorway, further contributes to localised emissions. Understanding this context is crucial for addressing Leno’s air quality challenges.

Leno’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from November to February, typically sees the worst conditions. Low temperatures, high humidity, and stable atmospheric conditions – frequent temperature inversions – trap pollutants emitted from heating systems and industry. Calm winds further hinder dispersion. March and April bring a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases, washing away some particulate matter. Summer months, June through August, generally experience better air quality due to increased wind speeds and convective mixing, though ozone levels can rise during prolonged heatwaves. However, agricultural activities, including harvesting and fertiliser application, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Autumn, September to October, presents a transitional period. The return of heating systems combined with stagnant air can lead to pollution build-up, though often less severe than winter. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring forecasts and avoiding peak pollution periods is advisable. Fog, common in the Po Valley during winter, further concentrates pollutants, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues.