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San Severino Marche, nestled in the rolling hills of the Marche region of Italy, occupies a geographically significant position within the Apennine mountain range. Located at approximately 43.23° N, 13.18° E, and an elevation of 319 meters (1047 feet) above sea level, the town commands a panoramic view of the surrounding landscape. The terrain is characterized by gentle slopes and valleys, typical of the inner Apennines, influencing local wind patterns and drainage. The town sits within a predominantly rural area, surrounded by agricultural lands – primarily vineyards and olive groves – and interspersed with patches of woodland. While not directly adjacent to a major river, it lies within the watershed of the Chienti River, impacting regional hydrology. The urban fabric of San Severino Marche is compact and historic, with a medieval core radiating outwards. Its location, relatively distant from major industrial belts concentrated along the Adriatic coast, initially suggests a lower pollution burden. However, the surrounding agricultural activity, particularly during harvest seasons, can contribute to particulate matter from field burning, a traditional practice. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with small villages and farms dotting the landscape within a 10-kilometer radius. Topography plays a crucial role; the hills can trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather, while prevailing winds from the east and northeast generally provide some degree of ventilation, though local variations exist due to the complex terrain. The climate, a humid subtropical variety, further influences atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion.

San Severino Marche’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle driven by meteorological factors and local activities. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable conditions, with increasing temperatures and more frequent winds dispersing any accumulated pollutants. However, pollen levels rise significantly, impacting those with allergies. Summer (June-August) is typically dry and warm, with periods of intense sunshine. While overall emissions might be lower due to reduced agricultural activity, stagnant air masses can occasionally form, particularly during heatwaves, leading to localized increases in ozone and particulate matter. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. Harvest season intensifies agricultural emissions, with field burning practices contributing to elevated particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, common during clear, calm autumn nights, trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the issue. This is often the period with the greatest air quality challenges. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased humidity. While cold air can sometimes flush out pollutants, fog and low-lying cloud cover are frequent, hindering dispersion and leading to periods of poor visibility and elevated particulate matter, especially from residential heating. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during autumn and winter mornings, and on days with stagnant air. During harvest season, residents should be aware of potential smoke impacts and take precautions to minimize exposure.