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Avola, nestled on the southeastern coast of Sicily, Italy, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ibleo Plateau. Its coordinates (36.9167, 15.1333) place it within a region characterized by rolling hills and a gently sloping terrain descending towards the Mediterranean Sea. The city’s urban fabric is a blend of historic architecture and modern development, sprawling across the plateau with a distinct urban–rural gradient. To the west, the landscape transitions into agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to vineyards and olive groves – a crucial component of the local economy. Eastward, the terrain drops more dramatically towards the coastline, where sandy beaches and rocky coves define the maritime landscape. The proximity to the Ionian Sea significantly influences Avola’s microclimate and, consequently, its air quality. Prevailing winds from the east and southeast often carry maritime air, which can, at times, introduce salt spray and humidity. The absence of major industrial belts directly adjacent to Avola is a positive factor, though agricultural practices, including the use of machinery and potential pesticide application, can contribute localized emissions. The elevation, averaging around 100 meters above sea level, allows for some degree of atmospheric mixing, but can also contribute to temperature inversions under specific meteorological conditions. The surrounding landscape, a mosaic of cultivated fields and natural scrubland, plays a role in both absorbing and releasing pollutants, impacting the overall air quality profile of the city.

Avola’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by its Mediterranean climate. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, characterized by prolonged periods of sunshine and minimal rainfall. This often leads to stagnant air conditions, particularly during heatwaves, which can trap pollutants and exacerbate respiratory issues. Temperature inversions, common during these months, further contribute to poor air quality by preventing vertical mixing. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer the most favourable conditions, with moderate temperatures and more frequent rainfall, which naturally cleanses the atmosphere. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the surrounding areas, can occasionally lead to spikes in particulate matter during these transitional seasons. Winters (December-February) are relatively mild and wetter, with occasional periods of fog, which can reduce visibility and trap pollutants close to the ground. The Sirocco wind, a warm, dry wind originating from North Africa, frequently impacts Avola during winter, carrying dust and sand from the Sahara Desert, significantly degrading air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer heatwaves and periods of Sirocco wind, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring local air quality information. Spring and autumn offer the best windows for outdoor activities, but awareness of agricultural burning events is advisable. Avoiding prolonged exposure during periods of fog is also recommended.