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Gela, situated on the southern coast of Sicily, Italy (37.0667° N, 14.25° E), occupies a geographically complex position significantly influencing its air quality. The city lies within the Agrigento province, a region characterized by a dramatic urban–rural gradient. To the north, the landscape rises into the rugged Monti Feudo hills, providing some barrier to prevailing winds but also creating potential for temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months. Gela itself is built on a coastal plain, gently sloping towards the Mediterranean Sea, which moderates temperatures but can also contribute to sea salt aerosol concentrations. The surrounding terrain is a mix of agricultural land – primarily olive groves and vineyards – and industrial zones, a legacy of Gela’s historical role as a major port and industrial hub. The presence of the industrial belt, including petrochemical plants and a power station, is a key factor in local air pollution. The proximity to the sea also means that Gela is susceptible to episodic events like Saharan dust intrusions, which can dramatically degrade air quality. The city’s location within the Sicilian Basin, a naturally enclosed area, can trap pollutants, exacerbating local issues. The urban fabric is a mix of older, densely populated areas and newer developments, with varying levels of green space, further impacting local microclimates and pollutant dispersion. The relatively low elevation of Gela (averaging around 20 meters above sea level) means that vertical mixing of pollutants is often limited, especially under stable atmospheric conditions.

Gela’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Sicily’s Mediterranean climate. Summer (June-August) is typically characterized by hot, dry conditions and light winds, leading to stagnant air and a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly those emitted from industrial sources. Temperature inversions are less frequent during this period due to the intense solar heating. Autumn (September-November) often sees the arrival of Saharan dust events, significantly reducing visibility and increasing particulate matter concentrations. These events are unpredictable but can impact air quality for several days. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased humidity, sometimes accompanied by fog, which traps pollutants near the ground. Temperature inversions are more common during these months, further hindering pollutant dispersion. Spring (March-May) generally offers the best air quality, with increased wind speeds and more frequent rainfall helping to flush out pollutants. However, agricultural burning practices in surrounding rural areas can occasionally contribute to localized smoke events. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer and winter months, particularly on days with stagnant air or Saharan dust. Limiting outdoor exertion and avoiding areas near industrial facilities are advisable. During autumn, monitoring local weather reports for dust event warnings is crucial. Spring offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, but awareness of potential agricultural burning is still recommended.