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Lentini, a town in the Sicilian hinterland, occupies a geographically significant position within the Catania metropolitan area. Situated approximately 20km southwest of Catania city, and 18km from Syracuse, it lies on a relatively flat coastal plain, at an elevation of around 180 meters above sea level. This plain is part of the larger Catania Plain, formed by alluvial deposits from the Simeto River, which flows nearby. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterised by citrus groves, vineyards, and olive farms – a key economic driver for the region. Lentini’s proximity to the Ionian Sea (approximately 8km) introduces a moderating influence on its climate, but also exposes it to marine aerosols. While not heavily industrialised itself, the town is downwind of the industrial zones around Catania and Syracuse, potentially receiving pollutants transported by prevailing winds. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the town’s built-up areas to the extensive agricultural lands. This proximity to agricultural activity introduces potential sources of particulate matter from farming practices, including dust from soil cultivation and emissions from agricultural machinery. The flat terrain can also contribute to the stagnation of air masses, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Lentini’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by Sicily’s Mediterranean climate. Summer months (June-August) typically experience the cleanest air, driven by consistent sea breezes that disperse pollutants and high temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, intense sunlight and heat can also contribute to ground-level ozone formation, particularly near agricultural areas. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as temperatures cool and atmospheric stability increases. The first rains arrive, washing out some particulate matter, but also creating damp conditions that can trap pollutants. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period, with frequent temperature inversions trapping cold, dense air near the ground, concentrating emissions from heating systems and vehicle traffic. Calm conditions and reduced sunlight limit dispersion. Spring (March-May) is a transitional phase, with fluctuating conditions. Sirocco winds from North Africa, carrying dust and sand, can significantly impact air quality during this time. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and periods of Sirocco wind. Monitoring pollen levels is also crucial in spring.