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Abidjan, the economic capital of Ivory Coast, occupies a strategic position on the southern coast of West Africa along the Gulf of Guinea, with its urban core situated on the Ébrié Lagoon—a shallow, brackish body of water that profoundly influences local air dynamics. The city sprawls across a low-lying coastal plain, with elevations generally below 100 meters, creating a topography that traps pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions. Abidjan's geography is characterised by a dense urban fabric interspersed with lagoons and canals, which moderate temperatures but also contribute to humidity that can exacerbate particulate matter formation. To the north, the city transitions into peri-urban and agricultural zones, including cocoa and coffee plantations, while its eastern and western flanks host industrial belts with port activities, refineries, and manufacturing—key pollution sources that release emissions into the airshed. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean introduces sea breezes that occasionally disperse pollutants inland, yet the urban–rural gradient sees higher pollution concentrations in central districts like Plateau and Treichville due to traffic congestion, construction, and energy generation. This coastal setting, combined with rapid urbanisation and industrial expansion, creates a complex air quality landscape where geographic features both mitigate and amplify pollution impacts.

Abidjan experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons that shape its air quality patterns throughout the year. During the long dry season from November to March, Harmattan winds blow from the Sahara Desert, carrying dust particles that significantly elevate particulate matter levels, making these months particularly challenging for air quality—December to February often see the highest pollution concentrations. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activities during this period, especially in the mornings when temperature inversions can trap pollutants near the ground. The short dry season in August brings similar conditions, though less intense, with reduced wind dispersal leading to stagnant air and accumulated urban emissions. In contrast, the rainy seasons from April to July and September to October see improved air quality due to frequent rainfall that washes pollutants from the atmosphere, with June and October offering the cleanest air for outdoor pursuits. However, high humidity during these wet months can combine with industrial emissions to form secondary pollutants like ozone, requiring caution during peak sunlight hours. Overall, meteorological factors such as monsoon rains and seasonal wind shifts create a cyclical AQI story where pollution peaks align with dry, dusty periods, necessitating tailored health guidance for residents and visitors.