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Agui, nestled within the Aichi Prefecture of Japan, occupies a geographically significant position in the Chūbu region. Located at approximately 34.93°N, 136.92°E, the city’s terrain is characterized by gentle slopes and valleys, typical of the Nōbi Plain, a fertile agricultural area. This plain is bordered by the mountains of the Hida range to the north and the Yōyama Mountains to the south, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. Agui’s proximity to the Kiso River, a vital waterway, moderates temperatures and contributes to localized humidity. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a patchwork of rice paddies, orchards, and small-scale farms, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. While Agui itself is a relatively small city with a population of around 28,000, it benefits from its location within the broader Tokai region, a major industrial and economic hub of Japan. This proximity, however, introduces a potential for transboundary air pollution, with industrial emissions from larger cities like Nagoya impacting Agui’s air quality. The city’s elevation, relatively low at around 30 meters above sea level, can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during periods of temperature inversion, particularly in the autumn and winter months. Agricultural practices in the surrounding areas, including the use of fertilizers and occasional burning of crop residue, can also contribute to localized air pollution episodes. The overall geography presents a complex interplay of natural factors and anthropogenic influences on Agui’s atmospheric environment.

Agui’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by Japan’s temperate climate. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as warmer temperatures and increased wind speeds disperse pollutants. However, pollen season can significantly impact respiratory health, creating a separate form of air quality concern. Summer (June-August) is typically the cleanest period, with frequent rainfall washing away particulate matter and strong monsoonal winds effectively ventilating the region. Humidity, however, can be high, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues for some. Autumn (September-November) marks a concerning shift. As temperatures cool and wind speeds decrease, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants close to the ground. This is often compounded by agricultural activities, such as harvesting and occasional field burning, releasing smoke and particulate matter. November, in particular, can experience periods of stagnant air. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold temperatures, frequent fog, and reduced wind speeds contribute to persistent pollution episodes. Residential heating, using various fuels, also adds to the pollutant load. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, especially on days with visible haze or fog. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. While summer offers the most favourable conditions, year-round awareness of weather patterns and potential pollution sources is crucial for protecting public health.