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Komaki, nestled in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Chubu region. Located approximately 20 kilometers southwest of Nagoya, the prefecture’s capital and a major industrial hub, Komaki’s urban character is a blend of residential areas and light industry, reflecting its role as a commuter city and a logistical support center. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Nobi Plain, facilitating urban sprawl and ease of transportation. This plain, formed by alluvial deposits from the Kiso River, extends outwards, gradually transitioning into gently rolling hills to the north and west. The Kiso River itself flows nearby, providing a crucial water source and influencing local microclimates, though its direct impact on air quality is more related to humidity than pollutant dispersal. Komaki’s proximity to Nagoya’s industrial belt, including automotive manufacturing and related industries, is a key factor shaping its air quality profile. The urban–rural gradient is relatively swift; beyond the city limits, agricultural land, primarily rice paddies and vegetable farms, dominates the landscape. This agricultural activity, while generally beneficial, can contribute to localized ammonia emissions. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape, a mix of cultivated fields and scattered woodlands, contributes to a generally temperate climate, but also influences wind patterns and the dispersion of airborne particles originating from Nagoya and surrounding areas. The city’s location within a densely populated and industrialized region makes it particularly susceptible to transboundary pollution.

Komaki’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. This is compounded by reduced sunlight hours and lower wind speeds, further hindering dispersion. While heating systems contribute to localized emissions, the primary concern stems from industrial activity in Nagoya and surrounding areas. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, though occasional incursions of cold air can trigger short-lived pollution episodes. The rainy season (Tsuyu) in June and July provides a cleansing effect, as precipitation washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, humidity increases, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. Summer (August-September) generally sees the best air quality, with consistent winds and frequent rainfall. Autumn (October-November) marks a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a return to more stable atmospheric conditions, potentially leading to a gradual decline in air quality towards the end of the season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with stagnant air. During the rainy season, those with allergies or asthma should monitor humidity levels and take appropriate precautions. Overall, spring and autumn require vigilance, while summer offers the most favorable conditions for outdoor pursuits.