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Takahama, nestled in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, occupies a geographically significant position on the western coast of Ise Bay, a large inlet of the Pacific Ocean. Its coordinates (34.9275, 136.9878) place it within a relatively flat coastal plain, gradually rising towards the foothills of the Chita Peninsula. The city’s terrain is predominantly low-lying, facilitating urban development and agricultural land use, with gentle slopes leading to the bay. This coastal location inherently influences Takahama’s air quality; prevailing winds from the Pacific often provide a degree of natural ventilation, but also introduce marine aerosols and, occasionally, pollutants transported from industrial areas further inland. Takahama sits within the broader Tokaido region, a historically and economically vital corridor connecting Tokyo and Osaka. While not directly within a major industrial belt, it benefits from proximity to industrial zones in Nagoya and surrounding areas, which can contribute to transboundary pollution events. The urban–rural gradient around Takahama is relatively smooth, with agricultural fields and smaller settlements interspersed within the city limits, contributing to a mix of rural and urban influences on local air quality. The presence of Ise Bay moderates temperatures and humidity, but also creates conditions conducive to fog formation, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological circumstances. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rice paddies, orchards, and scattered woodlands, all of which play a role in the local ecosystem and, to a lesser extent, air purification.

Takahama’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle driven by meteorological patterns. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as stronger Pacific winds disperse accumulated winter pollutants. However, the season is also marked by occasional episodes of yellow dust blown in from the Korean Peninsula, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Summer (June-August) is typically the cleanest period, with consistent sea breezes and high temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. Humidity, however, can be high, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. Autumn (September-November) brings a shift; cooler temperatures and decreasing wind speeds can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of high atmospheric pressure. This often results in increased concentrations of particulate matter, especially in early autumn. The most challenging period for air quality is winter (December-February). Cold, stable air masses frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Fog, common during these months, further restricts dispersion. These inversions, combined with residential heating and occasional industrial emissions, can significantly degrade air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during prolonged periods of fog or stagnant air in winter. During autumn and early winter, monitoring local weather forecasts for inversion warnings is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial during these periods.