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Ogōri, nestled within the Fukuoka Prefecture of Japan, occupies a geographically significant position on the northern coast of Hakata Bay. Its coordinates (33.3964, 130.5556) place it within a relatively low-lying coastal plain, characterized by gently sloping terrain that gradually rises towards the interior. The city’s proximity to Hakata Bay is a defining feature, influencing both its climate and potential air quality dynamics. The bay itself acts as a moderating influence, tempering extreme temperatures and occasionally contributing to sea breezes that can disperse pollutants. Surrounding Ogōri, the landscape transitions from urban development to agricultural land, primarily rice paddies and vegetable farms, a typical urban–rural gradient common in the region. Further inland, the foothills of Kyushu’s volcanic mountains begin to rise, impacting regional weather patterns and potentially trapping air masses under certain conditions. Fukuoka City, a major industrial and commercial hub, lies to the south, and its industrial belts and transportation corridors can contribute to transboundary air pollution events. The city’s relatively small population (58,322) suggests a primarily residential character, though its coastal location and proximity to Fukuoka mean it is integrated into a larger metropolitan network. The prevailing westerlies, common across Kyushu, play a crucial role in the dispersal of pollutants, but can also carry pollution from industrial areas to Ogōri’s shores. The flat topography limits vertical mixing, potentially exacerbating ground-level pollution concentrations during periods of stagnant air.

Ogōri’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Kyushu’s climate and prevailing weather systems. Spring (March-May) often brings a period of relatively clean air, aided by strengthening westerly winds that sweep away accumulated pollutants. However, this period can be punctuated by occasional episodes of stagnant air, particularly during periods of high pressure, leading to localized increases in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by high humidity and temperatures, which can trap pollutants near the ground, especially during periods of calm weather. The monsoon season, while less pronounced than in other parts of Japan, can still bring periods of increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. Autumn (September-November) is arguably the most challenging season for air quality. As temperatures cool, temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants in a layer near the surface. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the surrounding rural areas, can also contribute to elevated particulate matter levels during this time. Winter (December-February) often sees the clearest skies, but cold, stable air masses can lead to fog and temperature inversions, particularly in the mornings, resulting in localized pollution build-up. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of fog or temperature inversions, especially in the early morning. During the autumn months, monitoring local weather forecasts for inversion warnings is advisable, and reducing strenuous outdoor exercise is recommended.