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Ōki, nestled within the Fukuoka Prefecture of Japan, occupies a geographically significant position on the northern coast of Kyūshū island. Its coordinates (33.2106, 130.4397) place it within a relatively low-lying coastal plain, gently sloping towards the Sea of Japan. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of agricultural land, primarily rice paddies and vegetable farms, and rolling hills that gradually ascend inland. This urban–rural gradient is quite pronounced, with the immediate vicinity of Ōki dominated by cultivated fields transitioning to forested slopes further away. The proximity to the Sea of Japan is a defining feature, influencing both the climate and, crucially, the air quality. Prevailing winds generally blow from the west, carrying moisture and, at times, pollutants from industrial areas located further up the coast. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during periods of temperature inversion. While Ōki itself is a small, primarily residential community, its regional position within the broader Fukuoka metropolitan area means it is indirectly affected by industrial activity and transportation corridors in nearby cities like Fukuoka City. The presence of agricultural zones contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods, though this is generally less impactful than industrial sources. The terrain’s gentle slope and coastal location create a unique microclimate susceptible to both sea breezes and stagnant air conditions, impacting pollutant dispersion.

Ōki’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological patterns. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as stronger westerly winds blow away accumulated pollutants, though occasional periods of fog, particularly in early spring, can trap moisture and particulate matter, leading to temporary reductions in visibility. Summer (June-August) is typically the cleanest season, with consistent sea breezes providing excellent ventilation and dispersing any potential pollutants. However, intense heat and humidity can still impact respiratory health. Autumn (September-November) marks a shift, with the weakening of westerly winds and the increased likelihood of temperature inversions, especially during October and November. These inversions trap cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants and leading to periods of poorer air quality. Agricultural activities, such as rice harvesting, also contribute to particulate matter during this time. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses frequently settle over the region, creating persistent temperature inversions and stagnant air conditions. Fog is also common, further exacerbating the problem. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, particularly on days with visible haze or fog. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. The monsoon season’s influence is subtle but contributes to humidity levels, which can affect the perception of air quality and exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals.