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Tatsunochō-tominaga, nestled within Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, occupies a geographically complex position at approximately 34.85°N, 134.55°E. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gradual slope rising from the coastal plains towards the foothills of the Rokkō Mountains, a significant factor influencing local air circulation patterns. Situated on the Seto Inland Sea coast, Tatsunochō-tominaga benefits from maritime influences, though these are often moderated by the surrounding topography. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land – primarily rice paddies and orchards – and increasingly, suburban residential areas reflecting the urban sprawl from nearby Kobe. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city transitioning quickly from built-up areas to cultivated fields and forested slopes. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, Tatsunochō-tominaga is within commuting distance of Kobe’s industrial belt, potentially experiencing secondary impacts from industrial emissions. The proximity to the Seto Inland Sea introduces the possibility of sea salt aerosol deposition, which can interact with other pollutants. Elevation varies within the city, ranging from near sea level to several hundred meters, creating localized variations in temperature and wind patterns. The Rokkō Mountains act as a barrier, sometimes trapping pollutants, and at other times, facilitating their dispersal, depending on prevailing wind directions. The city’s location within the Kansai region, a densely populated and economically vibrant area, contributes to regional air quality challenges.

Tatsunochō-tominaga’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional weather patterns. Spring (March-May) often brings a period of relatively cleaner air, aided by increased sunlight and more frequent winds dispersing pollutants. However, the season can also be punctuated by episodes of stagnant air, particularly during periods of high pressure. Summer (June-August) is typically humid and can see increased ozone levels due to photochemical reactions driven by sunlight and high temperatures. The Seto Inland Sea’s influence can lead to localized fog formation, trapping pollutants near the surface, especially in the mornings. Autumn (September-November) is arguably the most challenging period. The weakening of the summer monsoon and the onset of cooler temperatures can lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants. This is often exacerbated by agricultural burning in surrounding areas, contributing to particulate matter. Winter (December-February) generally sees improved air quality due to cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during autumn and summer, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution episodes and monitoring local air quality reports. Periods of fog, regardless of season, warrant similar precautions.